domingo, 27 de marzo de 2016
Exam skills - Essays
Exam
Skills
Essays
a. Students write for
a general audience and should employ a relatively formal or neutral tone.
b. In this type of
essay question – sometimes known as “for or against” essay, it’s important that
students address both sides of the argument, not just the side they agree with.
The essay should include an introduction, followed by the arguments for or
against the wearing of uniforms in different jobs, giving reasons in each case.
It should end with a conclusion in which the writer can give their own opinion.
miércoles, 23 de marzo de 2016
Unit 1 Should children wear school uniforms
Should children wear a uniform?
hot‧ly
in an excited or
angry way
hotly debated/disputed/denied etc
strongly
in a way that is
meant to persuade someone to do something
strongly suggest/advise/recommend something
policy (on
something) a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business,
etc.
the present government’s policy on education
The company has adopted a firm policy on shoplifting.
lay
[transitive] P.simple lays / PS laid / PP laid / laying
to present a
proposal, some information, etc. to somebody for them to think about and decide
on
The bill was laid before Parliament.
bend
[WITH OBJECT]
Interpret or modify (a rule) to suit someone:
we cannot bend the rules, even for Darren
Parts of the Body
stub your toe
(against/on something) to hurt your toe by accident by hitting it against
something hard
stare (at
somebody/something) to look at somebody/something for a long time.
I screamed and everyone stared. – hard, fixed
expression -
gaze+
adv./prep. to look steadily at somebody/something for a long time, either
because you are very interested or surprised, or because you are thinking of
something else
watch to
look at somebody/something for a time, paying attention to what happens
watch somebody/something to watch television/a
football game
Definitions
glance - look at something quickly, especially for only a
second or two
stare
- to look directly at somebody or something for a long
time without moving the eyes away
peek
- take a quick look at something,
especially secretively
look - to turn the eyes toward or on something
inspect
– to examine something carefully in order to judge
its quality
gaze
- to look for a long time with unwavering attention
glimpse - a quick
incomplete sighting of somebody or something
spot – to see or detect somebody or something suddenly
observe - to see or notice something while watching carefully
notice - to catch
sight of somebody or something and register the fact in the mind
witness – to see something happen, especially a crime or an
accident
gawk
– to stare
stupidly or rudely
examine – to inspect or study somebody or something in
detail
distinguish
- to notice a difference between two or more people,
groups, or things
lunes, 21 de marzo de 2016
Unit 1 Grammar Present Tenses
Present tenses
Present simple: is used to refer to habitual or routine actions:
Most people work
from 9.00 a.m to 5 p.m and have three or four weeks' holiday a year.
My father leaves
home at 7 o'clock and commutes to work.
The present
simple is also used to refer to facts that are always true:
Water boils
at 100 ºC.
Time expressions used with present simple verbs
These are some of the expressions of time and frequency used with simple
present verbs:
always, every day/week, etc., every so often, most weekends, never,
occasionally, often, rarely, sometimes, twice a week, usually.
Notice where
these words and phrases can be used in sentences:
•
I always /
hardly ever / never / occasionally / rarely / sometimes / usually wear
bright clothes.
•
Every day /
Every so often / Most weekends / Occasionally / Sometimes / Usually I wear bright clothes.
•
I wear bright
clothes every day / every so often / most weekends / occasionally /
sometimes / usually.
Present continuous: is used to refer to current trends or on-going
situations:
We're
staying with friends while our house is repaired.
I'm
reading War and Peace at present.
The present
continuous is also used to refer to actions taking place at the moment of
speaking:
Paul's
cooking lunch at the moment. Could you please ring back this afternoon,
please?
Time expressions used with present continuous verbs
These are some of the expressions of time and frequency used with
present continuous verbs:
at present, at the moment, currently, now, this week, today
Currently, they're
working on new antibiotics.
Notice where
these words and phrases can be used in sentences:
•
My sister is currently
/ now appearing in a new production of a Shakespeare play.
•
Currently, /
At present, / At the moment / This week / Today my sister is appearing in a new production of a
Shakespeare play.
•
My sister is
appearing in a new production of a Shakespeare play at present / at the
moment / this week / today.
NOTE: Always can be used
with present continuous verbs to mean “again and again” or “too frequently”.
I'm always
losing my keys.
Verbs which
are not normally used in the continuous form
The following
groups of verbs, which describe states or conditions rather than actions are
not normally used in the continuous form:
Verbs
referring to
|
being
|
having
|
opinions
|
feelings
|
senses
|
|
appear,
seem, exist, consist of, look, mean, resemble
|
own,
belong, contain, hold, possess, have
|
agree,
believe, disagree, expect, hope, know, realize, think, understand
|
dislike,
fear, hate, like, love, regret, respect, trust
|
feel, hear,
taste, see, smell
|
NOTE:
Many of these verbs can also be
used to refer to actions. In this case, they can be used in the continuous
form. Examples:
I have three brothers
(have=a state verb) / I'm having a shower (have=an action verb)
She expects to ger that job
(expect=a state verb) / She's expecting a baby (expect= an action verb)
viernes, 18 de marzo de 2016
Unit 1 Reading and Use of English
Can you prove who you are?
Identity theft / fraud:
The crime of stealing
another person’s personal details in order to pretend to be that person.
Identity theft is becoming more and more common
because of the internet.
fraud‧ster
[countable]
someone who has
committed a fraud
crook [countable]
1 informal a dishonest person or a criminal:
The crooks got away across the park.
prey on
somebody/something phrasal verb
2to try to deceive or
harm weaker people:
Religious cults that specialize in preying on young
people
boom
1 [intransitive
usually in progressive] if business,
trade, or a particular area is booming, it is increasing and being very
successful:
Business was booming, and money wasn't a problem.
Tourism on the island has boomed.
fool‧proof
a foolproof method,
plan, system etc is certain to be successful [= infallible]:
a foolproof way of preventing credit card fraud
im‧pec‧ca‧ble
without any faults
and impossible to criticize [= perfect]:
She has taught her children impeccable manners.
benefit fraud:
when someone tries to
get additional financial support from the government that they are not entitled
to.
bin diving
looking through someone’s rubbish bin to find
information about them.
Part 3 Five short, related monologues, with five multiple-matching
questions.
un‧qual‧i‧fied
1not having the right
knowledge, experience, or education to do something:
unqualified staff
unqualified for
He was unqualified
for the job.
unqualified to do
something
I feel unqualified to
advise you.
qual‧i‧fied
1having suitable
knowledge, experience, or skills, especially for a particular job
well/suitably/highly
qualified
Tom is well qualified
for her new role.
qualified to do
something
finance1 noun
finance2 verb
finance company noun
financial adjective
financial aid noun
financial institution
noun
fraud noun
fraudster noun
fraudulent adjective
retire verb
retired adjective
retiree noun
retirement noun
retirement home noun
retirement plan noun
immigrant noun
immigrate verb
immigration noun
organization noun
organize verb
organized adjective
organized crime noun
organizer noun
Unit 1 Grammar
Obligation:
Must
for strong obligations which express the
authority of the speaker or writer.
·
A for formal rules
or laws.
·
B for suggestions,
advice or recommendations that the speaker or writer feels strongly about.
Have
to for strong
obligations which express
the authority of a third person, rather than that of the speaker or
writer
·
When the speaker
wants to show they are not responsible for imposing the obligation, or does not
agree with it.
·
When the speaker or
writer is reminding someone about a rule or law.
Have
got to is more informal than Have to.
·
For direct commands
·
For emphasis
Need
to to express needs or necessities rather than
strict obligations
Negative
forms
Musn’t expresses prohibition – negative rules and laws or strong
advice.
Don’t
have to / have not got to - lack of obligation or necessity
Do not
need to / Needn’t lack of obligation or necessity and are
similar in meaning to don’t have to.
Did not
need to + infinitive means: “It was not
necessary, so we didn’t do it”
Needn’t
have + past participle means: “It
was not necessary, but we did it in spite of this”
Permission
and Prohibition
Can /
can’t commonest way of expressing permission and prohibition.
May I ..?
means the same as Can I…? but more
formal and more polite.
Other
expression of permission and prohibition
·
be allowed to +
infinitive
·
be permitted to + infinitive
·
let + infinitive
without to
Other expressions of prohibition:
You aren’t allowed to …
Smoking is not permitted in…
You are not permitted to
smoke…
People are forbidden to
smoke…
The workers have been
prohibited from …
Nigel has been banned from
driving….
Unit 1 Vocabulary Appearance and identity
Vocabulary
cheek‧y British English
rude or
disrespectful, sometimes in a way that is amusing.
—cheekily adverb:
He grinned cheekily.
—cheekiness noun [uncountable]
easy-going
not easily upset,
annoyed, or worried:
Her easy-going nature made her popular.
mood‧y
1 annoyed or unhappy:
Keith had seemed
moody all morning.
2 often changing
quickly from being in a good temper to being in a bad temper[= temperamental]:
a moody teenager
—moodily adverb:
She was staring
moodily into the fire.
—moodiness noun [uncountable]
shy comparative
shyer, superlative shyest
1 nervous and
embarrassed about meeting and speaking to other people, especially people you
do not know:
He was a quiet, shy
man.
shy with
She was very shy with
strangers.
a shy smile
(=extremely shy)
shy to do something
He was too shy to
come sit by me in class.
go all shy British
English (=to suddenly become very shy)
Oh, have you gone all
shy, Jenny?
out‧go‧ing
someone who is
outgoing likes to meet and talk to new people
sen‧si‧tive
1 understanding people / able to understand other people's feelings
and problems
[≠ insensitive]:
a
sensitive and intelligent young man
sensitive to
It's
made me much more sensitive to the needs of the disabled.
2 easily offended easily upset or offended by events or
things that people say:
a
very sensitive child
sensitive about
Laura's sensitive about her weight.
sensitive to
Throughout her career she remained very sensitive to criticism.
(=someone who is
easily upset by small or unimportant things)
➔ hypersensitive
3 easily affected /easily affected or damaged by something
such as a substance or temperature:
Wetlands
are environmentally sensitive areas.
English a baby's sensitive skin
trust‧wor‧thy
someone who is
trustworthy can be trusted and depended on [= dependable]
—trustworthiness noun [uncountable]
Adverbs
ra‧ther
fairly or to some degree:
I was rather surprised to see him with his ex-wife.
He was limping rather badly.
My own position is rather
different.
ex‧treme‧ly [+ adjective/adverb]
to a very great degree:
Earthquakes are extremely difficult to predict.
I'm extremely sorry to have troubled you.
quite
especially
British English fairly, or to a small
extent, but not very [↪ pretty]:
The film was quite good, but the book was much better.
I got a letter from Sylvia quite recently.
quite like/enjoy
I quite like Chinese food.
real‧ly
1very very [=
extremely]:
a really good film
It was really cold last night.
He walks really slowly.
I'm really, really sorry.
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