Unit 2 Review

Turn out

 to be present at an event

A vast crowd turned out to watch the procession.

Turn back | turn back somebody | turn back something | turn somebody back | turn something back

 to return the way you have come; to make somebody/something do this

The weather became so bad that they had to turn back.

Turn down somebody | turn down something | turn somebody down | turn something down

 to reject or refuse to consider an offer, a proposal, etc. or the person who makes it

Why did she turn down your invitation?

He has been turned down for ten jobs so far.

Turn to somebody | turn to something

 to go to somebody/something for help, advice, etc.

She has nobody she can turn to.

Turn (from something) into something

 to become something

Our dream holiday turned into a nightmare.

Turn up

1 to be found, especially by chance, after being lost

Don't worry about the letter—I'm sure it'll turn up.

2 (of a person) to arrive

We arranged to meet at 7.30, but she never turned up.

3 (of an opportunity) to happen, especially by chance

He's still hoping something (= for example, a job or a piece of luck) will turn up.

Unit 2 Listening Part 2 P31

hyper	extra	over	under
active	curricular	indulgent
sensitive	terrestrial	optimistic
		populated	populated
		priced	priced
		sensitive
		staffed	staffed
		used	used
		valued	valued

UNDERSTAFFED: not having enough people working and therefore not able to function well

Reading and Use of English Part 3 pag 23

-al	-ance	-er	-or	-ion	-ation	-ity	-ment
arrival	performance	employer	predictor	prediction	expectation	prosperity	employment
refusal		performer	protector	rejection	information		improvement
		worker		protection
				completion

Unit 2 Speaking

Links with grammar explanations CONTRAST

Conjunctions: contrast

Linking words: Contrast

Using linking words

Unit 2 Grammar RandU of E pag 25

Because of

used before a noun or noun phrase to say that somebody/something is the reason for something

They are here because of us.

He walked slowly because of his bad leg.

Because of his wife(’s) being there, I said nothing about it.

in order that

 (formal) so that something can happen

All those concerned must work together in order that agreement can be reached on this issue.

in order to do something

 with the purpose or intention of doing or achieving something

She arrived early in order to get a good seat.

In order to get a complete picture, further information is needed.

However

1. used with an adjective or adverb to mean ‘to whatever degree’

He wanted to take no risks, however small.

She has the window open, however cold it is outside.

However carefully I explained, she still didn't understand.

2. in whatever way

However you look at it, it's going to cost a lot.

3. used to introduce a statement that contrasts with something that has just been said

He was feeling bad. He went to work, however, and tried to concentrate.

We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered some errors.

Idioms

rather than    instead of somebody/something

I think I'll have a cold drink rather than coffee.

Why didn't you ask for help, rather than trying to do it on your own?

rather you, him, etc. than me (informal) used for saying that you would not like to do something that another person is going to do

‘I'm going climbing tomorrow.’ ‘Rather you than me!’

would rather… (than)  (usually reduced to ’d rather) would prefer to

She'd rather die than give a speech.

‘Do you want to come with us?’ ‘No, I'd rather not.’

quite / fairly / rather / pretty

Look at these examples:

The exam was fairly difficult.

The exam was quite difficult.

The exam was rather difficult.

Quite is a little stronger than fairly, and rather is a little stronger than quite. Rather is not very common in North American English; pretty has the same meaning and this is used in informal British English too: The exam was pretty difficult.

In British English quite has two meanings :I feel quite tired today (= fairly tired). With adjectives that describe an extreme state (‘non-gradable’ adjectives) it means ‘completely’ or ‘absolutely’:I feel quite exhausted. With some adjectives, both meanings are possible. The speaker’s stress and intonation will show you which is meant: Your essay is quite good (= fairly good—it could be better);Your essay is quite good (= very good, especially when this is unexpected).

In North American English quite usually means something like ‘very’, not ‘fairly’ or ‘rather’. Pretty is used instead for this sense.

Unit 2 Reading and use of English Part 2

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Unit 2 Grammar Can and be able to

UNIT 2

Ability: Can and be able to

1.    Can and be able to: Are the verbs most commonly used to talk about ability. Sometimes we can use either verb without changing the meaning of the sentence. Sometimes, we have to use be able to when there is no appropriate form of can.

Infinitive                      be able to

Present                       can or am / are / is able to

Future                         will be able to

Past                            could or was / were able to

Present Perfect          have / has been able to

Past Perfect                had been able to

2.    Present ability: both forms are possible, but can is more usual.

Gareth can run very fast. (Gareth is able to run very fast.)

To talk about a learned ability in the present, can is more usual. “Know how to” can be used as an alternative to can.

            Can you play chess? / Do you know how to play chess?

3.    Future ability: we use the future form of be able to

Will I be able to play better after I´ve had some lessons?

4.    Past Ability: both forms are possible.

Before his accident, Ben could jump really high.

Before his accident, Ben was able to jump really high.

To talk about an ability to do something in the past on one particular occasion, we must use the past tense of be able to or

 manage (+ to + infinitive)

 or succeed (+ in + ing)

                        Although she had lost a lot of blood, the doctors were able to save the girl´s life.

Despite the difficult conditions, the surgeon  manage to perform the operation successfully and succeeded in saving the man´s leg.

NOTE: If the event was unsuccessful, it´s possible to use couldn’t as well as the past form of be able to, manage and succeed.

                        Although he did his best, he couldn´t finish in time.

           

5.    ´Conditional ability´: to talk about a hypothetical ability in the present or future, we can use could or would be able to:

I could probably jump further if I had longer legs.

I would probably be able to play better if I practised more.

To talk about a hypothetical ability in the past, we usually use could + have + past participle, although we can also use would have been able to:

                        Even if he´d been taller, he couldn´t have reached it.

                        Even if he´d been taller, wouldn´t have been able to reach it.

6.    Other structures used to talk about ability:

Aptitude and capacity for doing sth, we can use be capable of + ing

             He is certainly capable of breaking the world record.

To talk about how well we do sth, we can use the structure be good (brilliant, etc) / bad (terrible, etc) at + noun or gerund:

            I have never been good at sports.

            I am particularly bad at running.