Unit 5 reading and use of English Part 3

Cave dwellings

Unit 5 Reading and use of English - Negative prefixes

Prefixes

The most comon used with adjectives are:
dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, and un-.
Others:
a-,anti-, counter-, mal-, and non-.
The prefixes im-, il-, and ir- are a variety if  IN

What's the difference between dis- and mis- or between un- and non-? This negative prefix list can help you understand the important prefixes at the beginnings of words that can change a word's meaning into its opposite.I

• de-

• dis-

• in- (or il-, im-, or ir-)

• mis-

• non-

• un-

Negative Prefix List: Uses

• De- is almost always used before a verb, or a word formed from that verb, and means to reverse the verb’s action, as in dehydrate, deregulate, or detoxify. (It has other meanings in addition to making a verb negative. For example, it means 'down' in decline, decrease, and depression.)

• Dis- can be used with verbs, nouns, adjectives or adverbs. It also has other meanings besides making words negative.

• In-, non-, and un- are usually used for nouns, adjectives, or the adverbs formed from them (though un- is also used for verbs.) They all mean not _____. (In- is the negative prefix in Latin. non- means 'not' in Latin, and many words using it as a prefix came into English via French.  Un- comes from Old English.)

• Mis- (often from Old English, or in some words from French) is used with verbs (and adjectives and adverbs made from them), as well as nouns. It means bad, wrong, or wrongly.

• Non-  usually means not, but also may mean lack of something. 

• Un- is the most common negative prefix in English. If in doubt, it's the best one to try. Even many words originally from Latin roots are negated in English with 'un.' 

Note that sometimes one prefix is used for an adjective, and different ones are used for related nouns or verbs.

For example:

• unable, inability, (to) disable;
• unbalanced, imbalance, (to) unbalance;
• unstable, instability, (to) destabilize.
• To deactivate is to make something inactive.

Usually, however, the same prefix serves both adjective and noun: uncertain, uncertainty; unwilling, unwillingness; unfriendly, unfriendliness, inadequate, inadequacy, disloyal, disloyalty, etc.

Examples: 

 1. De-

Examples: deactivate, decode, decommission, decompose, deconstruct, decontaminate, decrease, deflate, deflect, deform, demythologize, derail, detract.

The list above is all verbs. Any of them could be made into adjectives by adding -ed (or -d if the verb ends in 'e' already: decoded, deflated, etc.) Several could also be made into nouns: deactivation, decomposition, decontamination, deflation, etc. Decrease can be used as a noun as it is.

Note that the prefix de- in Latin (and in words that originate in Latin) has other, contrary meanings as well as sometimes making words negative. (See List of Prefixes.) It is often used as an intensifier, meaning completely (as in demand), as well as meaning from, down, or away. When used with an English verb to make a new word, it works as a negative. (Debug, defrost, devalue.)

2. Dis-

Examples (verb/ adjective/ noun or vb/ adj when all or both are common): disaffected (adj.), disable/ disabled/ disability, disagree/ disagreeable/ disagreement, disbelief (noun), disfigure/ disfigured, dishonor/ dishonored/ dishonorable, disinfect/ disinfected, disinfection, disinherit/ disinherited, disintegrate/ disintegrated/ disintegration, disloyal (adj.) and disloyalty (noun), displease/ displeased or displeasing/ displeasure, disproportionate (adj.), distasteful (adj.) and distaste (noun), distrust (verb or noun)/ distrustful (adj.).

(Tasteful refers to something that shows good taste or judgment. Things which are pleasant to the taste buds are ‘tasty.’ Distasteful refers to tasks that are unpleasant. Foods that lack flavor are tasteless. A lack of good taste in aesthetics can also be called tasteless.)

3. In- (or il-, im-, or ir-)

In- often changes to  'il-' before l; 'im-' before b, m, or p; and 'ir-' before r. These changes make it easier to pronounce.

Adjective Examples: illegal, illegible, illiterate, illogical, immature, impatient, imperfect, impossible, imprecise, inaccessible, inaccurate, inadequate, inappropriate, incapable, incoherent, incompatible, incomplete, inconceivable, inconsistent, incredible, indefinite, indiscreet, inevitable, infinite, inflexible, insecure, insignificant, insubordinate, insufficient, invalid, invariable, invisible, involuntary, irrational, irregular, irrelevant, irreparable, irresistible, irresponsible, irreversible, etc.

A few noun examples using the same roots: illegibility, illiteracy, immaturity, impatience, imperfection, impossibility, imprecision, inaccessibility, inaccuracy, inadequacy, inappropriateness, incapability, incoherence, incompatibility, incompleteness, inconsistency, indiscretion, inevitability, infinity, inflexibility, insecurity, insignificance, insubordination, insufficiency, invalidity,  invariability, invisibility, irrationality, irregularity, irrelevance, irresponsibility.  

Most of these do not have verb forms.    

Exceptions in which ‘in-‘ does not negate, but intensifies: Inflammable has the same meaning as flammable-- something that burns easily. Their opposite is nonflammable. The same is true for habitable and inhabitable (the negative is uninhabitable).

Valuable and invaluable also are synonyms— except that invaluable is even stronger. It means something is priceless: so valuable that a person would not want to give it up for any amount of money.

4. Mis-

Examples: misconduct (noun), misdemeanor(noun), misdiagnose (to diagnose wrongly)/ misdiagnosed/ misdiagnosis, misinform/ misinformed/ misinformation, misinterpret/ misinterpreted/ misinterpretation, mislead/ misled or misleading, misplace/ misplaced, misspell/ misspelled/ misspelling, mistake/ mistaken/ mistake, mistrust (both a noun and a verb, but weaker than distrust), misunderstand/ misunderstood/ misunderstanding..

Note that a misdiagnosed disease is diagnosed incorrectly, as compared to an undiagnosed disease, which has not been diagnosed at all. Similarly, a misinformed person has been given wrong information, while an uninformed person simply does not know much about a subject.

5. Non-

Examples-- nouns: nonconformist or nonconformity, nonentity, nonexistence, nonintervention, nonsense, etc.

Adjectives: nonconforming, nonexistent, nonmetallic, nonpartisan, nonresident, nonrestrictive (but unrestricted), nonsensical, nonstop.

I can't think of any verbs that begin with non-.

Some words can be negated either with non- or with another negative. In those cases non- has a more neutral connotation. For example, nonstandard means not according to the usual standard, but substandard is below the standard: not good. Nonreligious means not religious, but irreligious means more actively opposed to religion.

6. Un-

(Adjective) Examples: unable, unacknowledged, unaffected (not affected at all; disaffected means affected badly), unafraid, unaided, unaltered or unalterable, unambiguous, unanticipated, unapproachable, unassigned, unattainable, unavailable, unaware, unceasing, uncertain, unclear, unconventional, uncooperative, uncoordinated, unenforced, unexposed, unfocused, unfriendly*, unhelpful, uninformed, unknown, unmodified, unnatural, unpleasant, unpredictable, unprofessional, unrealistic, unrefined, unresolved, unrestricted, unscheduled,  unstable, untouched, unwilling, unwise, etc.

*(in this case -ly isn’t for an adverb. Both friendly & unfriendly are adjectives)

A few of these have related nouns including unavailability, unawareness, uncertainty, unenforceability, unpleasantness, unpredictability, unreality, and untouchability, as well as inability, instability, and irresolution. 

Very few are verbs: undo and (only informally, on Facebook) unfriend.

Grammar - Key Word transformation

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Key Word transformation

KWT 2

KWT 3

KWT 4

KWT 5

Grammar - Phrasal Verbs

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Phrasal Verbs 1

Phrasal Verbs 2

Phrasal Verbs 3

Phrasal Verbs 4

Unit 3 Grammar - Present Tenses

DESCRIBING HABITUAL  ACTIONS

1.       HABITUAL  ACTIONS IN THE PRESENT

               I.            PRESENT SIMPLE

             II.            OTHER WAYS

a.        PRESENT CONTINUOUS + ALWAYS

b.       WILL + INFINITIVE

c.        KEEP + ING

2.       HABITUAL  ACTIONS IN THE PAST

                I.            PAST SIMPLE

                II.            USED TO + INFINITIVE

                III.            WOULD + INFINITIVE

                IV.            USED TO-BE USED TO-GET USED TO

1-        

I. THIS IS THE USUAL WAY OF EXPRESING PRESENT HABITUAL ACTIONS:

Whenever I go to town, I spend too much money.

TEND TO + INFINITIVE:

The verb tend to + infinitive can be used to refer to usual or generally occurring actions.

She tends to get up late at weekends

II-THERE ARE OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESING HABITUAL ACTIONS IN THE PRESENT:

a.        THIS IS USED MAINLY TO REFER TO ACTION WHICH ARE TOO FREQUENT:

He is always giving me presents

IT IS ALSO USED WHEN YOU ARE ANNOYED WITH YOURSELF OR SOMEONE ELSE:

You are always complaining about my cooking

b.       THIS CAN BE USED INSTEAD OF THE PRESENT SIMPLE TO REFER TO BEHAVIOUR WHICH IS PREDICTABLE OR TYPICAL:

I will sit for hours watching TV.

c.        THIS IS USED FOR HABITUAL ACTIONS WHICH ARE ACCIDENTAL OR ANNOYING:

I keep bumping my head on that tree.

2-        

I. WHEN A PAST SIMPLE VERB REFERS TO HABITUAL O REPEATED ACTIONS IT CAN BE ACCOMPANIED BY A FREQUENCY EXPRESSION:

When I worked in London, I usually got home at six o´clock

II.THIS REFERS TO HABITUAL PAST ACTIONS WHICH NO LONGER HAPPEN:

Before I had car, I used to cycle to work.

IT CAN ALSO BE USED FOR ACTIONS THAT DID NOT HAPPEN BEFORE, BUT HAPPEN NOW:

I didn´t use to have foreign holidays. Now I go abroad every year.

NOTES:

                                 i.            Remember the question form of used to:

 WHERE DID YOU USE TO GO FOR YOUR HOLIDAYS?

                                ii.            Sentences with used to do not need frequency adverbs, but they are sometimes included for emphasis.

 I ALWAYS USED TO BE LATE FOR SCHOOL.

           III.            THIS REFERS TO HABITUAL PAST ACTIONS:

Every summer our parents would take us to the seaside.

Do not uses would in questions and negative sentences, as its meaning can be completely different.

NOTE: there is a difference in meaning between USED TO and WOULD:

USED TO can refer to permanent situations as well as habitual actions:

I used to be able to see the church from my bedroom window.

WOULD can only refer to actions, not situations. You can say:

He’d catch the 7.30 train, but you cannot say He’d work in London.

           IV.            USED TO + INFINITIVE

REFERS TO HABITUAL PAST ACTIONS:

My father used to get up at 5 a.m.

BE USED TO + ING

MEANS TO BE ACCUSTOMED TO:

I must go to bed early. I´m used to having ten hours sleep at night.

GET USED TO + ING

MEANS TO BECOME ACCUSTOMED TO, OFTEN TO SOMETHING UNUSUAL OR STRANGE:

If you come to England, you´ll have to get used to driving on the left hand side of the road.

NOTE: Other common verbs which follow the same pattern are look FORWARD TO and OBJECT TO.

Unit 4 Vocabulary - Phrasal verbs with BRING

bring something about

to make something happen

synonym cause

What brought about the change in his attitude?

bring back somebody | bring back something | bring somebody back | bring something back

 to return somebody/something

Please bring back all library books by the end of the week.

He brought me back (= gave me a ride home) in his car.

bring  something back

to make somebody remember something or think about it again

The photographs brought back many pleasant memories.

to make something that existed before be introduced again

synonym reintroduce

Most people are against bringing back the death penalty.

bring somebody something back | bring something back (for somebody)

to return with something for somebody

What did you bring the kids back from Italy?

I brought a T-shirt back for Mark.

bring something down

 to reduce something

We aim to bring down prices on all our computers.

to land an aircraft

The pilot managed to bring the plane down in a field.

to make an aircraft fall out of the sky

Twelve enemy fighters had been brought down.

bring something forward

 to move something to an earlier date or time

The meeting has been brought forward from 10 May to 3 May.

to suggest something for discussion

Please bring the matter forward at the next meeting.

to move a total sum from the bottom of one page or column of numbers to the top of the next

A credit balance of $50 was brought forward from his September account.

bring in somebody | bring in something | bring somebody in | bring something in

to introduce a new law

They want to bring in a bill to limit arms exports.

to attract somebody/something to a place or business

We need to bring in a lot more new business.

to give a decision in court

The jury brought in a verdict of guilty.

bring somebody out

(British English) to make people go on strike

bring something out

 to make something appear

A crisis brings out the best in her.

to make something easy to see or understand

That dress really brings out the colour of your eyes.

 to produce something; to publish something

The band have just brought out their second album.

bring somebody round(British English)

(North American English bring somebody around)

(also bring somebody to)

to make somebody who is unconscious become conscious again

bring somebody round (to…)(British English)

(North American English bring somebody around)

to bring somebody to somebody’s house

Bring the family round one evening. We'd love to meet them.

bring somebody round (to something)(British English)

(North American English bring somebody around)

to persuade somebody to agree to something

He didn't like the plan at first, but we managed to bring him round.

bring somebody up

 [often passive] to care for a child, teaching him or her how to behave, etc.

synonym raise

She brought up five children.

He was brought up by his aunt.

a well/badly brought up child

bring somebody up to do something They were brought up to (= taught as children to) respect authority.

+ noun I was brought up a Catholic.

related noun upbringing

 (law) to make somebody appear for trial

He was brought up on a charge of drunken driving.

bring something up

 to mention a subject or start to talk about it

synonym  raise

Bring it up at the meeting.

to vomit

to bring up your lunch

to make something appear on a computer screen

Click with the right mouse button to bring up a new menu.

Unit 4 Grammar The future 1 page 49

  LIKELY probable or expectedthe most likely outcomea likely scenarioa likely Oscar nomineelikely (to do something) Tickets are likely to be expensive.likely (that…) It's more than likely that the thieves don't know how much it is worth.They might refuse to let us do it, but it's hardly likely.
  bound to do/be something certain or likely to happen, or to do or be somethingThere are bound to be changes when the new system is introduced.It's bound to be sunny again tomorrow.You've done so much work—you're bound to pass the exam.It was bound to happen sooner or later (= we should have expected it).You're bound to be nervous the first time (= it's easy to understand).